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There are three primary sources of complexities in EJB 2: the heavyweight programming model, direct use of the Java Naming Directory Interface (JNDI), and a verbose XML deployment descriptor. Three primary techniques in EJB 3 eliminate these sources of complexity: metadata annotations, minimal deployment descriptors, and dependency injection. In the following sections, we introduce all three of these major innovations that make developing EJB 3 as quick and easy as possible. Let s begin by looking at how annotations and deployment descriptors work.

Due to execution restrictions and environment, you have to take specific factors into account when developing and deploying an applet from which you want to invoke an EJB. The simple applet in listing 1.17 contacts a session bean to start a business function.

Service configuration using Java metadata annotations is easily the most important change in EJB 3. As you ll see throughout the book, annotations simplify the EJB programming model, remove the need for detailed deployment descriptors, and act as an effective delivery mechanism for dependency injection. In the next few years, it s likely that annotations will play a greater role in improving Java Standard Edition (SE) and Java Enterprise Edition (EE) usability by leaps and bounds. In case you aren t familiar with the metadata annotation facility added in Java SE 5.0, let s review it first. Java metadata annotations: a brief primer Annotations essentially allow us to attach additional information (officially called attributes) to a Java class, interface, method, or variable. The additional information conveyed by annotations can be used by a development environment like Eclipse, the Java compiler, a deployment tool, a persistence provider like Hibernate, or a runtime environment like the Java EE container. Another way to think about annotations is that they are custom Java modifiers (in addition to private, public, static, final, and so on) that can be used by anything handling Java source or byte code. This is how annotations look:

JBoss AOP pointcuts are defined in an XML file. The preferred file name is jboss-aop.xml, although this name can be changed. Two main XML tags are available: <bind> to define a pointcut, and <interceptor> to define the interceptor associated with the pointcut. The Pointcuts section later in this chapter defines the syntax of these tags in more detail. We illustrate the mechanism for defining pointcuts with the jboss-aop.xml file that is shown in Listing 5-1. Listing 5-1. The XML Definition of a Pointcut with JBoss AOP 1 < xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" > 2 <aop> 3 <bind 4 pointcut="execution( 5 public void aop.jboss.Order->addItem(java.lang.String,int))" 6 > 7 <interceptor class="aop.jboss.TraceInterceptor" /> 8 </bind> 9 </aop> After the regular header for all XML documents (shown on line 1 of Listing 5-1), the <aop> tag starts the definition of the aspects. The tag for defining a pointcut is <bind>. The pointcut attribute (shown on line 4 of Listing 5-1) provides the pointcut expression. In the given value, the expression contains the execution keyword and a method signature. The execution keyword denotes the joinpoints where the methods that are associated to the given signature are executed. In Listing 5-1, the signature designates the addItem method defined in the Order class. Although not the case in this example, the signature can contain wildcards. The <interceptor> tag (shown on line 7 of Listing 5-1) defines the interceptor that is associated with the pointcut. In the listing, the corresponding class is org.jboss.TraceInterceptor.

import mypackage.Author; @Author("Debu Panda, Reza Rahman and Derek Lane") public class EJB3InAction implements ManningBook

The @Author symbol is the annotation It essentially tells whoever is using the EJB3InAction Java class that the authors are Debu Panda, Reza Rahman, and Derek Lane More interestingly, it adds this bit of extra information about the class without forcing us to implement an interface, extend a class, or add a member variable or method Since an annotation is a special kind of interface, it must be imported from where it is defined In our case, the @Author annotation is defined in the mypackageAuthorclass file This is all there is to making the compiler happy The runtime environment decides how the @Author annotation should be used For example, it could be used by the Manning website engine to display the author names for this book Like many of the Java EE 50 innovations, annotations have humble beginnings.

import import import import import import import javax.swing.*; java.awt.event.*; java.awt.*; java.util.*; javax.naming.*; javax.ejb.*; java.rmi.*;