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Pointcut expressions can be combined with the logical AND, OR, and NOT operators (AND, OR, and !). For example, the following expression <bind pointcut="execution(* Foo->foo()) OR execution(* Bar->bar())" > includes all the joinpoints where the foo method is executed and all the joinpoints where the bar method is executed. The pointcut-naming mechanism allows you to factor expressions that are used in several pointcut definitions. For this, the <pointcut> tag assigns a name to an expression. You can then reuse this name when writing a pointcut. For example, the two lines <pointcut name="foo" expr="execution(* Foo->foo())" /> <pointcut name="bar" expr="execution(* Bar->bar())" /> define the expressions foo and bar, which can then be used in pointcut expression such as the following: <bind pointcut="foo OR bar" />

SELECT i FROM Item i WHERE EXISTS (SELECT c FROM Category c WHERE c.user = i.user)

To download and install Cactus, acquire the latest build from Apache at http:// jakarta.apache.org/cactus. Cactus doesn t require installation per se; it s only a framework, and as such, the necessary Cactus JAR files need only be in the classpath of your application. Extracting the downloaded file to a working directory, you should notice several JAR files and documentation. You can place the JAR files into the classpath of your application in two ways: either include the files in the classpath of the application server running your EJB application, or package them in the enterprise archive (EAR) or web archive (WAR) file containing your application. The following JAR files come with the Cactus binary download (their names may vary depending on the version number):

If you look carefully at the result of this subquery, you ll notice that it is the same as the query example we used in the previous section with the IN operator. An EXISTS clause is generally preferred over IN, particularly when the underlying tables contain a large number of records. This is because databases typically perform better when using EXISTS. Again, this is due to the work of the query processor translating JPQL queries into SQL by the persistence provider. ANY, ALL, and SOME Using the ANY, ALL, and SOME operators is similar to using the IN operator. You can use these operators with any numeric comparison operators, such as =, >, >=, <, <= and <>.

Here is an example of a subquery demonstrating the ALL operator:

All of the JAR files listed should be placed in the application server classpath, or simply in the classpath of your application (its WAR or EAR file, for instance). In addition, these JAR files are needed for the execution of the test client, and you must include them in the classpath of your Ant setup and JUnit test runner, as illustrated by recipes 9.7 and 9.8. In order to actually execute the test cases you write for your EJBs, you must deploy the test case classes and the Cactus servlets into your application server. Cactus has several servlets used to execute various server-side tests. The following sample web.xml file shows how you would deploy the Cactus servlets with your web application. You would need to do this for each of your applications.

The execution keyword designates method and constructor executions in pointcut definitions. You have already seen several examples of pointcut definitions that include method executions. The principle is the same for constructor executions, except that the new keyword replaces the method name in the definition. For example, the following pointcut <bind pointcut="execution(public aop.jboss.Order->new(..))" > includes the executions of all the public constructors defined for the Order class.

SELECT c FROM Category c WHERE c.createDate >= ALL (SELECT i.createDate FROM Item i WHERE i.user = c.user)

If we include the ALL predicate, the subquery returns true if all the results retrieved by the subquery meet the condition; otherwise, the expression returns false. In our example the subquery returns false if any item in the subquery has a createDate later than the createDate for the category in the main query. As the name suggests, if we use ANY or SOME, the expression returns true if any of the retrieved results meet the query condition. We can use ANY in a query as follows:

<web-app> <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file> </welcome-file-list> <!-- =======[ Remainder is set up for Cactus Test Suite ]========= --> <servlet> <servlet-name>ServletTestRunner</servlet-name> <servlet-class> org.apache.cactus.server.runner.ServletTestRunner

SELECT c FROM Category c WHERE c.createDate >= ANY (SELECT i.createDate FROM Item i WHERE i.seller = c.user)