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Operations on fields can be included in pointcut definitions. For these actions, three keywords are available: get, set, and field. The get keyword designates read operations. The set keyword designates write operations. Finally, the field keyword designates read and write operations. These keywords are associated with the names of the fields that are to be included in the pointcut. For method signatures, these names can contain the asterisk (*) wildcard character. For example, the expression <bind pointcut="set(private * aop.jboss.Order->articles*)" > designates the write operations on all the fields that have a name starting with articles and that are defined in the Order class.

If you ve used relational databases and SQL, you must have some experience with the JOIN operator. You can use JOIN to create a Cartesian product between two entities. Normally you provide a WHERE clause to specify the JOIN condition between entities instead of just creating a Cartesian product. You have to specify the entities in the FROM clause to create a JOIN between two or more entities. The two entities are joined based either on their relationships or any arbitrary persistence fields. When two entities are joined, you may decide to retrieve results that match the JOIN conditions. For example, suppose we join Category and Item using the relationships between them and retrieve only entities that match the JOIN condition. Such joins are known as inner joins. Conversely, suppose we need to retrieve results that satisfy the JOIN conditions but also include entities from one side of the domain that don t have matching entities on the other side. For example, we may want to retrieve all instances of Category even if there is no matching instance of Item. This type of join is called an outer join. Note that an outer join can be left, right, or both.

Let s first look at some examples of different types of inner joins. Then we ll see examples of joins based on arbitrary persistence fields and relationships, and finally we ll look at outer joins and fetch joins. Theta-joins Theta-joins are not very common, and are based on arbitrary persistence or association fields in the entities being joined, rather than the relationship defined between them. For example, in the ActionBazaar system we have a persistence field named rating that stores the rating for a Category. The values for rating include DELUXE, GOLD, STANDARD, and PREMIUM. We also have a persistence field named star that we use to store a star rating for an Item; the values for star also include DELUXE, GOLD, STANDARD, and PREMIUM. Assume that both persistence fields store some common values in these fields, such as GOLD, and we want to join these two entities based on the rating and star fields of Category and Item, respectively. To accomplish this, we use this query:

</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>ServletTestRunner</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/ServletTestRunner</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <filter> <filter-name>FilterRedirector</filter-name> <filter-class>org.apache.cactus.server.FilterTestRedirector </filter-class> </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>FilterRedirector</filter-name> <url-pattern>/FilterRedirector</url-pattern> </filter-mapping> <servlet> <servlet-name>ServletRedirector</servlet-name> <servlet-class> org.apache.cactus.server.ServletTestRedirector </servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet> <servlet-name>JspRedirector</servlet-name> <jsp-file>/jspRedirector.jsp</jsp-file> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>ServletRedirector</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/ServletRedirector</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>JspRedirector</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/JspRedirector</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app>

Although this type of join is less common in applications, it cannot be ruled out. Relationship joins A more common situation in applications is the need to join two or more entities based on their relationships. Here is the syntax for INNER JOIN:

The all pointcut type encompasses all the previously described types method, constructor, and field. For example, the definition <bind pointcut="all(aop.jboss.O*)" >

In ActionBazaar, Category and User entities have a many-to-one association. To retrieve all users that match a specific criterion we could try this query:

The servlet classes and their dependent classes (contained in the JAR files listed in recipe 9.1) should already be in the classpath, as described earlier. With that brief introduction to Cactus, you re prepared to start writing and executing EJB test cases (see recipes 9.4 9.8). While Cactus has many features, the recipes in this chapter focus on using Cactus for testing EJBs. You should consult the full Cactus documentation to learn about its other features and abilities.

Remember that when you use the JOIN operator by itself, an inner join is always performed. Now let s move to the other end of the spectrum: outer joins. Outer joins Outer joins allow you to retrieve additional entities that do not match the JOIN conditions when associations between entities are optional. Outer joins are