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With the Interceptor interface provided by JBoss AOP, you can use the invoke method to write the code that would be written in an advice code block with AspectJ. This mechanism is limited because you can only write one piece of advice code per interceptor class. To suppress this limitation, JBoss AOP proposes the notion of the aspect class. An aspect class in JBoss AOP is a regular Java class that groups several interception methods together. Each method has the same signature as the invoke method in an interceptor class. However, you can freely choose the method name. (The name invoke is no longer mandatory.) Thus, several different interception methods can be written in the same class. The MyJBossAOPAspect class, shown in Listing 5-6, illustrates the notion of the aspect class. Listing 5-6. A JBoss AOP Aspect Class package aop.jboss; import org.jboss.aop.joinpoint.Invocation; public class MyJBossAOPAspect { public Object methInterceptor(Invocation invocation) throws Throwable { System.out.println("Before code"); Object rsp = invocation.invokeNext(); System.out.println("After code"); return rsp; } } As with interceptors, the association between a pointcut and an advice class is declared in the jboss-aop.xml file. The <advice> tag must be used. The XML file in Listing 5-7 gives an example.

There is a misconception among many developers that all classes are loaded into memory when the JVM starts up; this is not true. Classes are loaded dynamically as and when they are needed at runtime. This process of locating the byte code for a given class name and converting that code into a Java class instance is known as class loading. Your application may have hundreds of EJBs and other resources; loading all these classes into the JVM consumes a lot of memory. Most application servers use a sophisticated mechanism to load classes as and when needed. Therefore, your EJB class will be loaded into memory only when a client accesses it. However, it is implementation specific. Application servers support the bean pooling mechanism, so EJB classes would be loaded into memory while some instances would be instantiated and put into the pool during deployment time. When you build an application using EJB 3, you may use third-party libraries such as Log4J or you may depend on an in-house shared library configured in the application server. You may have web applications that depend on your EJB components and entities. As you can see, a complex application may depend on libraries available at several places. This means that you may run into many deployment errors such as ClassNotFoundException or ClassNoDefException. Understanding the class-loading concepts will educate you on effectively packaging your EJB 3 applications and help you troubleshoot any deployment-related issues. In this section, we introduce the concept of class loading and look at the classloader hierarchy in an application server. We then expose the parent delegation model. Finally, we examine class loading in Java EE and explore the dependencies between different modules.

If you ve built simple applications with Java, you must be aware that when you run your application, the classes that make it up (often packaged in a standard JAR file) are made available to the JVM through the CLASSPATH environment variable. When a particular class is invoked, the JVM loads that class into memory by locating it from the available byte code files provided either via JAR files in the CLASSATH or a specified directory structure. Class loading is initially performed by the JVM when it starts up. It loads the essential classes required, and then subclasses of the java.lang.ClassLoader class take the lead. These class loaders allow applications to load classes dynamically that may not be required during the compilation process. By default, the JVM

<project name="${PROJECT_NAME}" default="all" basedir="."> <!-- set global properties for this build --> <property environment="env"/> <property file="build_ejb.properties"/> <target name="all" depends="init, compile_ejb, jar_ejb, ejbc"> <echo>---------[ Project name: ${PROJECT_NAME} Completed ]--</echo> Adds the ejbc target </target> to the depends list <!-=========================================== Setup ready for build. Create all the necessary Directories ================================================= --> <target name="init"> <tstamp/> <echo>--[ Creating all Directories and copying XML files ]--</echo> <mkdir dir="${BUILD}"/> <mkdir dir="${EJB_BUILD}"/> <mkdir dir="${EJB_BUILD}/META-INF"/> </target> <!-=========================================== Clean the files up =========================================== --> <target name="clean"> <tstamp/> <echo>---[ Cleaning the Compiled and Deployed Files ]-------</echo> <delete dir="${BUILD}"/> </target> <! ========================================================= Compile the EJB Source Files ======================================================== --> <target name="compile_ejb" depends="init"> <tstamp/>

utilizes a few different class loaders. As an illustration, the Sun JVM has a hierarchy of three loaders, as shown in figure 11.2 The boot class loader loads all platform classes that the Java language requires, such as classes in the java.lang or java.util package. You can optionally use the bootclasspath command-line option of the JVM to instruct the boot class loader to load additional classes from other JAR files. The extension class loader is a child class loader of the boot class loader, and loads classes from any JARs placed in the $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext directory, or in a separate directory specified with the Djava.ext.dir system property. By default, it loads the Java cryptography library, as well as the security classes.