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deployment descriptors where appropriate. Know your deployment descriptor A deployment descriptor is simply an XML file that contains application configuration information. Every deployment unit in Java EE can have a deployment descriptor that describes its contents and environment. Some typical examples of deployment units are the Enterprise Archive (EAR), Web Application Archive (WAR), and the EJB (ejb-jar) module. If you have ever used EJB 2, you know how verbose the XML (ejb-jar.xml) descriptor was. Most elements were required even if they were trivial. This added to the complexity of using EJB. For example, you could have had the following deployment descriptor for the HelloUserBean that we saw in chapter 1:

<enterprise-beans> <session> <ejb-name>HelloUserBean</ejb-name> <local>ejb3inaction.example.Hello</local> <ejb-class>ejb3inaction.example.HelloUserBean</ejb-class> <session-type>Stateless</session-type> <transaction-type>Container</transaction-type> </session> </enterprise-beans>

1 2 3

We ll discuss deployment descriptors in greater detail when we talk about EJB packaging in chapter 11. The good news is that EJB 3 makes deployment descriptors completely optional. You can now use metadata annotations instead of descriptor entries, thus making the development experience much simpler. Note that we ll primarily use annotations throughout this book. This is not because we think deployment descriptors are unimportant or outdated, but because concepts are more easily explained using annotations. As a matter of fact, although deployment descriptors involve dealing with often confusing and verbose XML, we think they can be an excellent mechanism for separating coding concerns from deployment and configuration concerns. With this fact in mind, we present the deployment descriptor counterparts for each of the annotations described in the chapter (and more) in appendix D. You can use deployment descriptor entries only for corner cases where you need them. (A corner case is a problem or situation that occurs only outside normal operating parameters.)

Like pointcuts and interceptors, a mix-in is defined in the jboss-aop.xml file with the <introduction> and <mixin> tags. The basic code for defining a mix-in is as follows: <introduction class="aop.jboss.Order"> <mixin> ... </mixin> </introduction> In this example, the mix-in mechanism is applied to the Order class. Within the tags <mixin> and </mixin> tags, three other tags can be used: <class>: This tag provides the class that will be mixed in with the class of the application (in the previous example, the Order class.) The mix-in class contains the code elements (fields and methods) that are to be added to the application class. <interfaces>: This tag defines the interface implemented by the class that is mixed in with the application. The class can implement several interfaces; in this case, a commaseparated list of interface names is given. <construction>: This tag provides the constructor call, which must be used to instantiate the mix-in class. We will illustrate its usage in the following section. Conceptually, the mix-in mechanism introduces the code element of the mix-in class in an application class. Concretely, two objects exist in the Java virtual machine: one for the application class and one for the mix-in class. The <construction> tag defines the way this mix-in instance is created.

Mixing annotations and deployment descriptors Annotations and descriptors are not mutually exclusive. In fact, in EJB 3 they re designed for harmonious coexistence. Deployment descriptor entries override configuration values hard-coded into EJB components. As an example, we could override the @Author annotation we just introduced with the following imaginary deployment descriptor:

It copies the ejb.jar file to a temporary JAR file. It executes the weblogic.ejbc class file using a JVM. It deletes the temporary JAR file.

<ManningBooks> <ManningBook> <BookClass>EJB3InAction</BookClass> <Author>Larry, Moe and Curly</Author> </ManningBook> </ManningBooks>