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In order to be created, beans require the following: A Java class definition A configuration The Java class definition is usually a regular Java class following bean conventions: properties should be accessible through getter/setter pairs. Spring, however, allows any class to become a bean, and therefore any kind of Java object can be managed by the container and referenced by other beans, exactly like regular beans. Spring also allows the beans to define a constructor with some parameters, so that the bean properties are initialized in a more straightforward way. As previously indicated, a typical bean configuration is written in an XML file, which contains bean definition entries. (Note that configurations can also be achieved programmatically, but we will not enter into this level of detail in this book.) Each bean entry defines the name (or id) and the Java class of the bean. At this point, the bean can be referenced by other bean definition entries. In addition, several configuration parameters can be added to the entries such as the values of the properties, the values of the constructor s parameters, lifecycle management configurations, etc.

You want to automate the execution of your test cases. Specifically, you want to avoid executing them manually (potentially one at a time).

PersistenceUnit(unitName = "lib/actionBazaar-common.jar#actionBazaar") private EntityManagerFactory emf;

Again, the name element is important because it is what you use to access the entities. As shown in chapter 9, we use unitName to inject a container-managed EntityManager as follows:

@PersistenceContext(unitName = "actionBazaar") private EntityManager entityManager;

After creating numerous unit test cases with Cactus, you need a good system of executing them. In addition, you should create a system that lets you quickly reexecute test cases after changes in your EJBs. Creating an automated testing system will help you create a quickly executed and effective test regression framework. Using Ant to execute your test cases is a good way to integrate unit testing into your build system. With Ant executing your test, you can quickly build a robust regression test system for your EJB layer. Making this task easier is the Cactus framework itself. Cactus provides a custom Ant task that allows you to develop a step-by-step testing system. With the Cactus Ant task, you can deploy your tests, start your EJB container, execute the tests, and stop your EJB container. For the task to execute successfully, you must provide information about your application server. Fortunately, Cactus also includes the Ant tasks for many popular application servers.

As a simple example, we write the class in Listing 6-1.

Refer to the sidebar Persistence unit scoping for more on how a persistence unit is scoped depending on its presence. Specifying the transaction type You can specify transaction-type in persistence.xml (as in listing 11.6) by using the transaction-type attribute. transaction-type can either be JTA or RESOURCE_LOCAL. If you do not specify transaction-type, the container will assume the default transaction-type is JTA. You must utilize JTA as the transaction-type for a persistence unit packaged in a Java EE module. RESOURCE_LOCAL should be specified as a transaction type only when you re exercising JPA outside a Java EE container. As you may recall, we discussed the javax.persistence.EntityTransaction interface in chapter 9; we recommend you avail yourself of EntityTransaction only when you use EJB 3 persistence outside of a Java EE environment. Using a specific persistence provider The provider element specifies the factory class of the EJB 3 persistence provider, such as Hibernate or TopLink. You do not have to specify the persistence provider if you re using the default persistence provider integrated with your Java EE 5 container. For example, if you want Hibernate s persistence provider in the JBoss Application Server or TopLink Essentials persistence provider with Sun GlassFish or the Oracle Application Server, you don t have to define the provider element in persistence.xml. But if you decide to go with the EJB 3 persistence provider from the GlassFish project with either JBoss or Apache Geronimo, then you must specify the provider element as follows:

Obviously this example specifies Oracle TopLink as the persistence provider; you can specify the provider element for Hibernate as follows:

This recipe shows the additions you should make to your Ant build.xml file in order to integrate Cactus into your build system. The first item to add is the setup of the new Cactus Ant task. The following initcactus target defines the new task, runservertests:

This is helpful when using JPA outside the container. Setting up a DataSource Our entities are persistence objects that access databases. s 7 through 10 discussed how O/R mappings are defined with metadata annotations, and how an