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Listing 6-1. A First Bean Definition package aop.spring; public class ExampleBean { private AnotherBean beanOne; private YetAnotherBean beanTwo; private int i; public void setBeanOne(AnotherBean beanOne) { this.beanOne = beanOne; } public void setBeanTwo(YetAnotherBean beanTwo) { this.beanTwo = beanTwo; } public void setIntegerProperty(int i) { this.i = i; } } This class contains two references towards AnotherBean and YetAnotherBean, and an integer property i. It also defines setters for all of them. In order to make this class recognized as a bean by a Spring bean factory or application context, we must write the XML configuration in Listing 6-2. Listing 6-2. A First Configuration 1 <bean id="exampleBean" class="aop.spring.ExampleBean"> 2 <property name="beanOne"><ref bean="anotherExampleBean"/></property> 3 <property name="beanTwo"><ref bean="yetAnotherBean"/></property> 4 <property name="integerProperty"><value>1</value></property> 5 </bean> In this configuration, we create a new bean named exampleBean (id attribute of the bean element), which is an instance of the class aop.spring.ExampleBean (class attribute of the bean element) defined previously. The initialization of the properties is done through the property elements. For primary properties, the value element will be used to create a primitive value (line 4). For references, a ref element will be used to reference another bean (lines 2 and 3). Of course, the referenced beans must be defined elsewhere in a similar manner. A minimal configuration is as shown in Listing 6-3. Listing 6-3. A First Configuration (Continued) <bean id="anotherExampleBean" class="aop.spring.AnotherBean"/> <bean id="yetAnotherBean" class="aop.spring.YetAnotherBean"/>

entity interacts with one or more database tables. We have not, however, broached the subject of how entities interact with a database connection. Back in chapters 3 and 4 we briefly discussed what a DataSource is and how it can be used in an application server by accessing it through JNDI. In addition, you saw examples of session and message-driven beans accessing a DataSource using resource injection. In spite of this, entities cannot use injection, connect to the database themselves, or perform any operation directly; the persistence provider does all that magic behind the scenes. When you persist an instance of an entity, the persistence provider will open or reuse a pooled connection to the database and execute the SQL on your behalf. To configure a persistence unit to connect to a database, you first have to create a DataSource in your Java EE container. For scalability, each DataSource is commonly associated with a connection pool, and the connection pool contains the information for connecting to the database. Configuring an application DataSource Every Java EE application server provides the ability to create and manage DataSources and connection pools. Here is an example of a DataSource and a connection pool used by Sun s GlassFish open source project:

<target name="initCactus" description="Initialize Cactus"> <taskdef name="runservertests" classname="org.apache.cactus.ant.RunServerTestsTask"> <classpath> <pathelement location="${CACTUS_ANT_JAR}"/> </classpath> </taskdef> </target>

<jdbc-connection-pool connection-validation-method = "auto-commit" datasource-classname = "oracle.jdbc.pool.OracleDataSource" max-pool-size = "32" max-wait-time-in-millis = "60000" name = "ActionBazaarDS" res-type = "javax.sql.DataSource" steady-pool-size = "8"> <property name = "user" value = "ejb3ina"/> <property name = "port" value = "1521"/> <property name = "password" value = "ejb3ina"/> <property name = "networkProtocol" value = "thin"/> <property name = "databaseName" value = "ORCL"/> <property name = "serverName" value = "localhost"/> </jdbc-connection-pool> <jdbc-resource enabled = "true" jndi-name = "jdbc/ActionBazaarDS" pool-name = "ActionBazaarDS"/>

The DataSource uses the JNDI name and connection pool information for the specified database instance. In this example, the DataSource has a jndi-name of jdbc/ActionBazaarDS. Two common naming techniques are to name the pool

In Spring, beans are singletons by default. In order to change this strategy, and to make the factory create a new instance each time a bean is accessed, the configuration should set the singleton attribute to false simply by changing the first line of the configuration of Listing 6-2: <bean id="exampleBean" class="aop.spring.ExampleBean" singleton="false">

The second target you need to add to your build.xml file is a test target that executes the newly defined runservertests task provided by Cactus. The following test target illustrates the invocation of the Cactus task:

either the DataSource name without the JNDI reference (ActionBazaarDS), or to use the pool in the DataSource name (ActionBazaarPooledDS). We ll illustrate the first approach here. Telling the persistence unit about the DataSource You can specify the DataSource for a persistence unit using either the jta-datasource or non-jta-data-source element in the persistence.xml (as we did in listing 11.6). Typically, Java EE containers support two types of DataSources: Java Transaction API (JTA) and non-JTA. A JTA (or global) DataSource is one that supports JTA or distributed transactions. A non-JTA (or local) DataSource only supports local transactions that are limited to the process/server where they begin. For example, we can specify the name of the JTA DataSource we created earlier using the jta-data-source element as follows: