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As we explained earlier, JPQL statements are translated to SQL statements by the persistence provider. There is no equivalent of the IS EMPTY clause in SQL. So, you must be wondering what SQL statement is generated when IS EMPTY is used. The IS EMPTY clause is used with a collection-valued path expression that is typically an association field, and therefore the generated SQL statement will be determining whether the JOIN for the association retrieves any record in a subquery. To clarify, let s examine this JPQL query:

If you recall our discussions from chapters 7 and 8, a many-to-many relationship exists between Category and Item entities, with CATEGORIES_ITEMS as the intersection table. This means the persistence provider will generate the following SQL statement:

NDC.pop(); NDC.remove();

SELECT c.CATEGORY_ID, c.CATEGORY_NAME, c.CREATE_DATE, c.CREATED_BY, c.PARENT_ID FROM CATEGORIES c WHERE ( (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM CATEGORIES_ITEMS ci, ITEMS i WHERE ( (ci.CATEGORY_ID = c.CATEGORY_ID) AND (i.ITEM_ID = ci.ITEM_ID))) = 0)

Every application object created by JAC is assigned a unique name to identify it. By default, this name is constructed by appending the pound-sign character (#) and an instance number to the lowercase name of the class. The instance number starts at 0 and is incremented each time a new instance is created. For example, order#0 is assigned to the first instance of the Order class. Pointcut expressions can select objects depending on their names. The org.objectweb.jac.core.NameRepository class provides a repository for all the object names that exist in the application. The code block in Listing 4-11 displays the name and the reference of every existing object in an application programmed with JAC. Listing 4-11. Using the JAC Naming Repository Repository rep = NameRepository.get(); Object[] objects = rep.getObjects(); for (int i = 0; i < objects.length; i++) { String name = rep.getName(objects[i]); System.out.println(name+" "+objects[i]); } The repository can be queried to find the reference associated with a name, and vice versa.

From this generated SQL, you can see that the persistence provider uses a subquery to retrieve the number of associated items for a category by using the COUNT group function, and then compares the result with 0. This means that if no items are found, the collection must be empty, and the IS EMPTY clause is true. Have you ever had an occasion to detect the presence of a single value in a collection Sure you have! In JPQL you can use the MEMBER OF operator for just that purpose. Let s take a look at how it works.

To configure an appender to use the NDC information to identify a client, configure one similar to the following:

Checking for the existence of an entity in a collection You can use the MEMBER OF operator to test whether an identifier variable, a singlevalue path expression, or an input parameter exists in a collection-value path expression. Here is the syntax for the MEMBER OF operator:

The OF and NOT keywords are optional and can be omitted. Here is an example of using an input parameter with MEMBER OF:

Every application developed with JAC must be launched with the org.objectweb.jac.core.Jac class, which is defined in the jac.jar file. Given the name of the application descriptor file, this class launches an application and the associated aspects. The Jac class accepts a number of command-line parameters, which are presented in Table 4-2. Table 4-2. JAC Command-Line Parameters

log4j.appender.myappender =org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender log4j.appender.myappender.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout log4j.appender.myappender.layout.ConversionPattern=%x %5p [%t] - %m%n

This condition will return true if the entity instance passed (as:item) in the query exists in the collection of c.items for a particular Category c.

10.3.4 Working with JPQL functions JPQL provides several built-in functions for performing string or arithmetic operations. These functions can be used either in the WHERE or HAVING clause of a JPQL statement. You ll learn more about the HAVING clause when we cover aggregate functions later in this chapter.

String functions You can use string functions in the SELECT clause of a JPQL query; table 10.10 lists all string functions supported by JPQL. These functions are only meant to be used to filter the results of the query. You have to use the functions available in the Java language if you want to perform any string manipulations on your data. The primary reason is that in-memory string manipulation in your application will be much faster than doing the manipulation in the database.